military strategy pdf

Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. The Evolution is a repeated process of selection and reproduction with variation: that outperform their predecessors become the basis for the next round of variation, com-. Switzerland is recognized as a country of peace, stability and prosperity. All rights reserved. ); and the evolv, Strategists should consider both their learning rate and that of the adversary, not to trust mid- and low-level decision-mak, Reducing the enemy’s capabilities while maintaining one’s o. that have manifested food-related protests and riots in 2012 include Haiti and strategy was conﬂict deterrence through the threat of attack. Basic and paradigmatic attitudes toward the conceptual understanding of an economy, concentrations on specific classes of economic models which are believed to be an optimal reflection of economic reality, or the usage of formal or verbal techniques whose applications are believed to provide new insights into existing paradigms have rarely gained lasting serious attention over the decades. possible acts; they are attributes of the system and not of the particular action. results in military capabilities not consistently proportionate to societal strength. causes bubbles and crashes in these markets. , 2011 ;Katina et al. Keywords: Asset Management, Complex Adaptive System of Systems (CASoS), Uncertainties, Risk-Informed Decision-Making (RIDM), Risks of Extreme and Rare Events, Risk Analysis, Resilience. influential factors affecting their business, management and operations. The complications of strategy arise because the exercise of force is a means to accom-, plish other objectives rather than a goal in itself, the goals of the strategy are often to, narrowly deﬁned as a speciﬁc end state, while the actual ob, always occurs in the context of ongoing, m, psychological, economic, and political measures along with, or instead of, targeted military, process of achieving a desired relationship between tw, The analysis of strategy through game theory is often focused on games with well known, payoﬀs. prices. Sorne authors even advocate the concept of "anticipatory" systems where organisations foresee and avoid shocks and perturbations, and seize opportunities from them when pertinent. Defense Strategy for 2015-2019, specifies the implementation of objectives in the Governing Programme at the military level, and describes the ways and concepts derived from the provisions of the White Paper on Defense 2016. counterpenetration role. Our military supports diplomatic, informational, and economic activities that promote our enduring national interests. in the generic response capabilities of plants and animals. clear that a belligerent’s strategy arises directly from its military capabilities, refracted by habit: as often as not, you just do what you can, regardless of what course of action may be deemed optimal in theory. apparent from our discussion that strategic analysis should include the potential unmobi-, lized forces in conjunction with values that w, failure of such analysis occurred in the inv, While socio-economic resources and popular resistance to imp, dynamic adaptation and antifragility in the con, One general organizational lesson from evolution is that to make an organization an-, tifragile, components of the organization should have a div. develop mechanisms that shorten the time and cost of learning. While robustness and antifragility are desirable in friendly systems, an enemy possessing these, characteristics undermines the premise that an attack will ac, Historical and contemporary examples demonstrate the failure of traditional strategies against, not weaken and defeat them, but rather strengthened them, resulting in their victory. The author concludes that air assault forces can be effective against armored penetrations. adaptation takes many forms, some of whic, Other forms of adaptation require conscious reaction, such as observ, The relevance of learning and adaptation to an. It convincingly shows that we need to think, plan and act globally in order to deal with such situations that will also take place in the future. Modern companies are complex organizations as per their organizational, management and operational structure. Definitions frame thinking. It could therefore be that the effect of military strategy on deterrence outcomes is minimal. governments and companies should track and mitigate the impact of high and trasted with fragility do not indicate a truly opposite meaning [, do not imply gains in strength, as does antifragility, conﬂict is not resolved by a single strik, tifragile it confounds opponents’ traditional plans by strengthening, rather than weak, by the adversary should be sought to impro, system is antifragile, stress and conﬂict should be avoided in order to limit the impro, One archetype of an antifragile force is an insurrection that gains mem. Finally, U.S. force structures are examined to determine if U.S. forces as currently organized can execute air assault counterpenetration operations. almost never consists of physical destruction itself. In the analysis of the strategy development pro-cesses utilized by … application of force and of the alternatives to force. led to the greatest single incident of social violence since the fall of … conditions where an exacerbating local circumstance can trigger unrest. It is basically impossible to accurately determine very low probabilities; one could miss several orders of magnitude (Aven, 2014(Aven, , 2016bCox, 2012;Paté-Cornell, 2012). Through the fall, they remained at a threshold above which the riots Where such boundaries do not appear to be sufficient, we find that specific aspects of the population distribution guarantee either sufficient separation or sufficient mixing to inhibit intergroup violence according to the quantitative theory of conflict. A strategy identiﬁes a method or set of methods to obtain a particular end. Mining tailing ponds are large infrastructure objects whose life cycle spans over several decades. This project is currently on hold, but will be completed i, This article supposes that the main goal for the construction of Fortaleza de São José de Macapá, instead of to be a military one, it was a occupation and colonization enterprising, which was done by settling a population loyal to the Portuguese Kingdom, whose more specific military objective, defense against others conquerors and base to conquer new lands (the Peruvian mines), always performed a, The efforts taken by the US in rebuilding self-supporting Iraqi security forces during the regime change in Iraq are discussed. Global prices at this level create The Army Strategy 1 I. It includes economical, technological and organizational resilience [46, ... As presented in Fig. 1, the resilience also includes the robustness that is defined as the ability of a system to withstand damage (ability to absorb a shock). goals, as well as its economic structures. In exactly one region, a porous mountain range does not adequately separate linguistic groups and that region has experienced significant violent conflict, leading to the recent creation of the canton of Jura. and continues to be vital throughout a conﬂict because of the declining usefulness of older, information in a volatile and transient con, reasons to compress the timeframe and reduce the cost of learning; in other words, “fail, tion into tactics and strategy (how long does it take to analyze an engagemen, lete? Absent such policy actions, (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1999). A second archetype is a state subjected to strong, unexpected attack which, as a result, Soviet forces in response to German Operation Barbarossa [, A state or other group has a strong interest in formulating a strategy that promotes. method to cause the collapse of the enemy’s organization due to hopelessness or confusion. which is a heavily maize-dependent country. are more or less successful in response to a stress. retains much or all of its prior strength. economic and military ascendance, asserting power through an all -of-nation long-term strategy , it will continue to pursue a military modernization program that seeks Indo-Pacific regional hegemony in the near-term and displacement of the United States to achieve global preeminence in the future. System, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Yaneer Bar-Yam, strategy typically employs the threat or use of military force to adv, Strategic thinking is traditionally focused on which part or combination of land, air, and nav, which is generally political inﬂuence or control—or preven. Strategic thinking is traditionally focused on which part or combination of land, air, and naval forces is most effective. or weakening of capabilities of actors as a result of their in, An interaction that leads to a short term adv. Political canton and circle (sub-canton) boundaries often separate religious groups. of them are eaten by animals, animals often survive b, reﬂects sensor-action coupling through an intermediate processing system in response to. example, in 2014, DOD announced the Third Offset Strategy, an effort to exploit emerging technologies for military and security purposes as well as associated strategies, tactics, and concepts of operation. Moreover, these cases of unrest are just the most visible symptom of This approach represents a part of a continuous improvement. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. As important as the study of history for military strategists is the acquisition of the historical mind-that is, a way of thinking that uses history as a mode of inquiry. conversion of maize to ethanol in the US, and reimposing regulations on Thus, organizations have to find ways of coping with this reality to remain economically viable. Despite recent progress in better understanding challenges and developing new modeling approaches, asset management programs have not always been successful in avoiding costly losses or even bankruptcies of organizations caused by various economic or non-technical factors discussed above that have not been either understood or adequately considered and addressed in the decision-making process. damaged by stress—possibly catastrophically. Two case studies in a major North American electrical utility demonstrate the applicability of this approach: i) during an exceptional ice storm with significant damages of its physical assets, and ii) coping with challenges of COVID-19 with no destruction of its physical assets. Boletimdo Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi:Ciencias Humanas. deteriorates when stressed, an antifragile system grows stronger. that military strategy is the primary determinant of deterrence outcomes. Our discussion is a basis for scientific analysis of improved strategic thinking. ed, Complexity of Military Conflict: Multiscale Complex Systems Analysis of Littoral Warfare, South African Riots: Repercussion of the Global Food Crisis and US Drought, Archeology at the Fortress of São José in Macapá, Country briefing: Iraq - Retrain, remodel, rebuild. The US-led land, air and naval forces remain responsible for the defense of Iraq's borders and indigenous forces are focused exclusively on internal security threats. Here we analyze how peaceful stability is maintained. This complexity is not always well understood, and cannot be efficiently controlled. Today cyber is officially recognized as a contested military domain like air, land, and sea. Sound decision-making in AM ought to take into account relevant factors in order to balance risks, opportunities, performance, costs and benefits. The need to rebuild the Iraqi security forces increased significantly and the US Army has been empowered to enhance the training mission in Iraq to speed up the recruitment and training of Iraqi military and security personnel. The success of peace in Switzerland may serve as a model to resolve conflict in other ethnically diverse countries and regions of the world. 2nd, rev. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. In Switzerland, mountains and lakes are an important part of the boundaries between sharply defined linguistic areas. This paper marshals theoretical tools to suggest the imp, at the level of selecting the type of action, and at the more focused level of pursuing speciﬁc, better assess risks posed by adaptable enemies and enable their own forces to take adv. The latest case of the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the above. Military strategy is a set of ideas implemented by military organizations to pursue desired strategic goals. measures of success and failure must be incorporated in feedback processes that promote. We are of opinion that the concepts of structured Asset Management (AM) and resilience put together may provide an efficient framework in this regard. already central to military doctrine in training at an individual and tactical level. … has a smaller impact than the harm itself, this is the origin of the term “sensitivity” in, The foundations of antifragility as a basis for military strategy are ev, institutions, be intentionally constructed exploiting mechanisms that give rise to an. The paper examines the problem of defeating penetrations; the theoretical and historical bases for using air assault forces against armored forces; and the capabilities and limitations of air assault forces in the, Situational awareness - the perception of "what is going on" - is crucial in every field of human endeavor, especially so in the cyber world where most of the protections afforded by physical time and distance are taken away. than a force organized, equipped, and trained for winning the Nation’s wars.”, Despite a primary focus on combat operations, some strategic military thinking has b. to turn to surrounding, contextual problems. Derived from the Greek word strategos, the term strategy, when it appeared in use during the 18th century, was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the general", or "'the art of arrangement" of troops. Keywords: complexity, major disruptions, asset management, resilience, pandemic. The operation is the means of strategy, and operational art is the material of strategy.” ― A. Svechin, Strategiia INTRODUCTION In the early nineteenth century, the legendary Zulu warrior, Shaka Zulu, emerged as a leading figure in the military and political state of affairs in the Zulu … to take place, there must be a source of v. from heritable random mutation and recombination of the genome. where ideas that are evolving determine which responses are chosen. and persistent enmity that undermines desired longer term relationships. The methodology is applied in a case study to analyse possible modification strategies for a nuclear power plant's emergency core cooling system. Instead, the risk assessment is aimed at supporting an effective risk management Paté-Cornell, 2012). The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reﬂect the position of, —A strategy often assumes a ﬁxed set of conditions or con-, —While widely recognized, it is important to account, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/world/middleeast/, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/317/5844/1540.abstract, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095660, http://www.necsi.edu/research/social/syria/syria.pdf, http://www.historytoday.com/graham-goodlad/, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/70618/winfield-w-, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/12/23/, (International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzer-, The American Heritage New History of WWII. apartheid in 1994. Defeat, or outcomes far from those commonly envisaged, can arise from a variet, that direct military force should be the basis of strategy, but they more generally should. the competition for survival and reproduction. scientiﬁc analysis of the historical and contemporary conditions under which distinct t. strategies will be successful and provides guidance to improved strategic thinking. malleable, the indirect eﬀects of changing the conditions may improv, relationships with local populations as a means to strengthen one’s capabilities and weaken, tive of defeating part of a global terrorist netw. They are indispensable for certain types of mines where technological process produces and rejects mud. scorched earth strategy—the destruction of agriculture, transportation, communications. pressures toward social unrest. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. cyber security) and creates favorable conditions for the emerging of extreme and rare events that may seriously disrupt the short and long-term performance of enterprises. and enl. Define military strategy. straints imposed by existing natural and social context. occur when successes and failures lead others to make changes in their behavior by adopting, entire population can better withstand similar stresses and thus the system as a whole is. a fragile friendly system suﬀers should be reduced in favor of multiple smaller size ones. Military Strategy Revisited A Critique of the Lykke Formulation Lt. Col. Richard E. Berkebile, U.S. Air Force, Retired A rmy War College professor and retired colonel Arthur F. Lykke published “Defining Military Strategy = E + W + M” in the May 1989 edition of Military Review.1 Labeling this article seminal is … First, the 2013 edition represents an evolution of China’s approach to thinking about military strategy. 3, the resilience also includes the robustness that is defined as the ability of a system to withstand damage (ability to absorb a shock) and continue operating, Analysis of player behavior & strategy in online poker, Investigating converging lines of evidence suggesting that intelligence may have a threshold beyond which it starts becoming deleterious. To examine how China’s approach to military strategy is changing, this chapter compares the 2013 edition of the Science of Military Strategy with the 2001 edition. is predictability about what actions are needed. analysis hinges on a loss of will as key to collapse. Other countries critical role in triggering the Arab Spring revolutions in recent years. crucial information as well as the unpredictability of ev. information in the signal about future events. military force should include the local disruption of social stability and related adverse socio-, eﬀect is distinct from the strengthening of adversaries, as the resulting organizations need, not be directly associated with the original conﬂict or adversary but instead arise in the, That traditional military strategy focuses on the eﬀect of military action on military, forces and not on the larger societal context [, Army Chief of Staﬀ Raymond Odierno, “This capstone doctrine publication frames how w. think about the strategic environment, develop and reﬁne doctrine,. Characterizing the model's success in predicting peace requires examples where peace prevails despite diversity. ior goes against the military tendency toward homogenization and “harmonization.”, homogenization is consistent with and motiv. 2015 China's Military Strategy : The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China This copy has both the Mandarin and the English together, broken by paragraphs. The paper then moves to the employment of an air assault counterpenetration force, with emphasis on the defender's decision cycle and how the defender mist decide how to commit such a force. The phase of their closure and abandonment is less studied and understood. Policy decisions that would directly impact food prices are decreasing the approach to stability operations that integrates the tools of statecraft with our military, forces, international partners, humanitarian organizations, and the priv. A number of other empirical articles also suggest that military strategy and posture only weakly determine deterrence patterns. IV writes, “The greatest threat to our national security comes not in the form of terrorism, or ambitious powers, but from fragile states either unable or un. //www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/328692/losing-iraq, //www.necsi.edu/projects/yaneer/EOLSSComplexityRising.pdf, foreignpolicy.com/articles/2006/02/22/think_again_soft_power. In the U.S. Army, only the air assault division can perform such a mission, while the light and airborne divisions are capable of air assault counterpenetration operations only if given proper augmentation. also requires dynamic response that prevents harm or takes adv, diﬀerence between robustness and anticipatory response can be seen in a biological context. Decision-making is an essential activity in asset management (AM). Fragile:,Compara#ve,level,of,health,a-er, properties can include (a) the ability to anticipate, resulting in av, health than before (antfragile, blue), (c) the ability to recov. forces can be expected to have disruptive eﬀects on vulnerable socio-economic systems. The decision-making is essential in AsM. National Military Strategy For sale by the U.S. Gevernment Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16-045531-6. own destructive consequences with broader implications. and revolutions had predominantly occurred. maize are more likely to experience high local food prices and associated The ability of enterprises to create and implement innovative concepts is decisive to meet the demands regarding competitiveness, and to ensure their sustainable operations and further development. However, in recent years, Moscow’s foreign and security policy has tended to rely massively on military and hard power tools. Under such circumstances, mining companies need to develop new innovative concepts to ensure their safe operations, business continuity and adequate performance. that recognizes not only the immediate objective, but also the existence of other goals that. The Twelve-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, American Heritage New History of World War II, A Military History of the Second Punic War, Nonlinear dynamical economics and chaotic motion. 2015 White Paper-Eng and Ch.pdf Globalization and strong competition are part of a typical contemporary operational and business environment. the ability to withstand damage (robust, orange), and (e) breaking under stress (fragile, red). They are unable to control them, but are deeply affected by those risks. embodied in the adage “no plan survives ﬁrst contact with the enemy, in such conditions focus on enabling responses to a set of possibilities rather than sp. standard military strategy that strives to deliver large shocks to an enem. through military operations to defend the homeland, build security globally, and project power and win decisively. Argentina. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Peter Layton. An#fragile:,A-er,damage,recovers,to,higher. A military strategy typically employs the threat or use of military force in opposition to an adversary, and is called upon where large scale force is viewed as the way to achieve such goals.